130 Studies on Natural Immunity to Covid: A Research Guide By Brian Simpson

The Brownstone Institute has published a handy tabular summary of 130 studies showing that natural immunity is equal to or superior to existing Covid vaccines. This should be a helpful reference guide for Covid Vax critics. To reduce space, I deleted the article description. To locate the original, simply Google the entry.

https://brownstone.org/articles/79-research-studies-affirm-naturally-acquired-immunity-to-covid-19-documented-linked-and-quoted/

Evidence on natural immunity versus COVID-19 vaccine induced immunity:

1) Necessity of COVID-19 vaccination in previously infected individuals, Shrestha, 2021

2) SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in cases of COVID-19 and SARS, and uninfected controls, Le Bert, 2020

3) Comparing SARS-CoV-2 natural immunity to vaccine-induced immunity: reinfections versus breakthrough infections,Gazit, 2021

4) Highly functional virus-specific cellular immune response in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, Le Bert, 2021

5) Large-scale study of antibody titer decay following BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 infection, Israel, 2021

6) SARS-CoV-2 re-infection risk in Austria, Pilz, 2021

7) mRNA vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells recognize B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants but differ in longevity and homing properties depending on prior infection status, Neidleman, 2021

8) Good news: Mild COVID-19 induces lasting antibody protection, Bhandari, 2021

9) Robust neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 infection persist for months, Wajnberg, 2021

10) Evolution of Antibody Immunity to SARS-CoV-2, Gaebler, 2020

11) Persistence of neutralizing antibodies a year after SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, Haveri, 2021

12) Quantifying the risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 reinfection over time, Murchu, 2021

13) Natural immunity to covid is powerful. Policymakers seem afraid to say so, Makary, 2021
The Western Journal-Makary

14) SARS-CoV-2 elicits robust adaptive immune responses regardless of disease severity, Nielsen, 2021

15) Protection of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection is similar to that of BNT162b2 vaccine protection: A three-month nationwide experience from Israel, Goldberg, 2021

16) Incidence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 infection among previously infected or vaccinated employees, Kojima, 2021

17) Having SARS-CoV-2 once confers much greater immunity than a vaccine—but vaccination remains vital, Wadman, 2021

18) One-year sustained cellular and humoral immunities of COVID-19 convalescents, Zhang, 2021

19) Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19, Rodda, 2021

20) Discrete Immune Response Signature to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination Versus Infection, Ivanova, 2021

21) SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans, Turner, 2021

22) SARS-CoV-2 infection rates of antibody-positive compared with antibody-negative health-care workers in England: a large, multicentre, prospective cohort study (SIREN), Jane Hall, 2021

23) Pandemic peak SARS-CoV-2 infection and seroconversion rates in London frontline health-care workers, Houlihan, 2020

24) Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are associated with protection against reinfection, Lumley, 2021

25) Longitudinal analysis shows durable and broad immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection with persisting antibody responses and memory B and T cells, Cohen, 2021

26) Single cell profiling of T and B cell repertoires following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine, Sureshchandra, 2021

27) SARS-CoV-2 antibody-positivity protects against reinfection for at least seven months with 95% efficacy, Abu-Raddad, 2021

28) Orthogonal SARS-CoV-2 Serological Assays Enable Surveillance of Low-Prevalence Communities and Reveal Durable Humoral Immunity, Ripperger, 2020

29) Anti-spike antibody response to natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in the general population, Wei, 2021

30) Researchers find long-lived immunity to 1918 pandemic virus, CIDRAP, 2008



and the actual 2008 NATURE journal publication by Yu

31) Live virus neutralisation testing in convalescent patients and subjects vaccinated against 19A, 20B, 20I/501Y.V1 and 20H/501Y.V2 isolates of SARS-CoV-2, Gonzalez, 2021

32) Differential effects of the second SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose on T cell immunity in naïve and COVID-19 recovered individuals, Camara, 2021

33) Op-Ed: Quit Ignoring Natural COVID Immunity, Klausner, 2021

34) Association of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositive Antibody Test With Risk of Future Infection, Harvey, 2021

35) SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective cohort study, Letizia, 2021

36) Associations of Vaccination and of Prior Infection With Positive PCR Test Results for SARS-CoV-2 in Airline Passengers Arriving in Qatar, Bertollini, 2021

37) Natural immunity against COVID-19 significantly reduces the risk of reinfection: findings from a cohort of sero-survey participants, Mishra, 2021

38) Lasting immunity found after recovery from COVID-19, NIH, 2021

39) SARS-CoV-2 Natural Antibody Response Persists for at Least 12 Months in a Nationwide Study From the Faroe Islands, Petersen, 2021

40) SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell memory is sustained in COVID-19 convalescent patients for 10 months with successful development of stem cell-like memory T cells, Jung, 2021

41) Immune Memory in Mild COVID-19 Patients and Unexposed Donors Reveals Persistent T Cell Responses After SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Ansari, 2021

42) COVID-19 natural immunity, WHO, 2021

43) Antibody Evolution after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination, Cho, 2021

44) Humoral Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in IcelandGudbjartsson, 2020

45)  Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection, Dan, 2021

46) The prevalence of adaptive immunity to COVID-19 and reinfection after recovery – a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of 12 011 447 individuals, Chivese, 2021

47) Reinfection Rates among Patients who Previously Tested Positive for COVID-19: a Retrospective Cohort Study, Sheehan, 2021

48) Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection 1 Year After Primary Infection in a Population in Lombardy, Italy, Vitale, 2020

49) Prior SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with protection against symptomatic reinfection, Hanrath, 2021

50) Targets of T Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus in Humans with COVID-19 Disease and Unexposed Individuals, Grifoni, 2020

51) NIH Director’s Blog: Immune T Cells May Offer Lasting Protection Against COVID-19, Collins, 2021

52) Ultrapotent antibodies against diverse and highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 variants, Wang, 2021

53) Why COVID-19 Vaccines Should Not Be Required for All Americans, Makary, 2021

54) Protracted yet coordinated differentiation of long-lived SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells during COVID-19 convalescence, Ma, 2021

55) Decrease in Measles Virus-Specific CD4 T Cell Memory in Vaccinated Subjects, Naniche, 2004

56) Remembrance of Things Past: Long-Term B Cell Memory After Infection and Vaccination, Palm, 2019

57) SARS-CoV-2 specific memory B-cells from individuals with diverse disease severities recognize SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, Lyski, 2021

58) Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 generates T-cell memory in the absence of a detectable viral infection, Wang, 2021

59) CD8+ T-Cell Responses in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals Target Conserved Epitopes From Multiple Prominent SARS-CoV-2 Circulating Variants, Redd, 2021and Lee, 2021

60) Exposure to common cold coronaviruses can teach the immune system to recognize SARS-CoV-2,La Jolla, Crotty and Sette, 2020

61) Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans, Mateus, 2020

62) Longitudinal observation of antibody responses for 14 months after SARS-CoV-2 infectionDehgani-Mobaraki, 2021

63) Humoral and circulating follicular helper T cell responses in recovered patients with COVID-19, Juno, 2020

64) Convergent antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent individuals, Robbiani, 2020

65) Rapid generation of durable B cell memory to SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins in COVID-19 and convalescence, Hartley, 2020

66) Had COVID? You’ll probably make antibodies for a lifetime, Callaway, 2021

67) A majority of uninfected adults show preexisting antibody reactivity against SARS-CoV-2, Majdoubi, 2021

68) SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in healthy donors and patients with COVID-19, Braun, 2020
Presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in COVID-19 patients and healthy donors, Braun, 2020

69) Naturally enhanced neutralizing breadth against SARS-CoV-2 one year after infection, Wang, 2021

70) One Year after Mild COVID-19: The Majority of Patients Maintain Specific Immunity, But One in Four Still Suffer from Long-Term Symptoms, Rank, 2021

71) IDSA, 2021

72) Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020: a population-level observational study, Holm Hansen, 2021

73) Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity, Moderbacher, 2020

74) Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals, Ni, 2020

75) Robust SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell immunity is maintained at 6 months following primary infection, Zuo, 2020

76) Negligible impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell reactivity in COVID-19 exposed donors and vaccinees, Tarke, 2021

77) A 1 to 1000 SARS-CoV-2 reinfection proportion in members of a large healthcare provider in Israel: a preliminary report, Perez, 2021

78) Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients, Iyer, 2020

79) A population-based analysis of the longevity of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seropositivity in the United States, Alfego, 2021

80) What are the roles of antibodies versus a durable, high- quality T-cell response in protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2? Hellerstein, 2020

81) Broad and strong memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells induced by SARS-CoV-2 in UK convalescent COVID-19 patients, Peng, 2020

82) Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19, Sekine, 2020

83) Potent SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cell Immunity and Low Anaphylatoxin Levels Correlate With Mild Disease Progression in COVID-19 Patients, Lafron, 2021

84) SARS-CoV-2 T-cell epitopes define heterologous and COVID-19 induced T-cell recognition, Nelde, 2020

85) Karl Friston: up to 80% not even susceptible to Covid-19, Sayers, 2020

86) CD8+ T cells specific for an immunodominant SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid epitope cross-react with selective seasonal coronaviruses, Lineburg, 2021

87) SARS-CoV-2 genome-wide mapping of CD8 T cell recognition reveals strong immunodominance and substantial CD8 T cell activation in COVID-19 patients, Saini, 2020

88) Equivalency of Protection from Natural Immunity in COVID-19 Recovered Versus Fully Vaccinated Persons: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis, Shenai, 2021

89) ChAdOx1nCoV-19 effectiveness during an unprecedented surge in SARS CoV-2 infections, Satwik, 2021

90) SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells and antibodies in COVID-19 protection: a prospective study, Molodtsov, 2021

91) Anti- SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Antibody Evolution after mRNA Vaccination, Cho, 2021

92) Seven-month kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and role of pre-existing antibodies to human coronaviruses, Ortega, 2021

93) Immunodominant T-cell epitopes from the SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen reveal robust pre-existing T-cell immunity in unexposed individuals, Mahajan, 2021

94) Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Inpatients and Convalescent Patients, Wang, 2020

95) Not just antibodies: B cells and T cells mediate immunity to COVID-19, Cox, 2020

96) T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 following natural infection and vaccinationDiPiazza, 2020

97) Durable SARS-CoV-2 B cell immunity after mild or severe disease, Ogega, 2021

98) Memory T cell responses targeting the SARS coronavirus persist up to 11 years post-infection., Ng, 2016

99) Adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, Sette, 2021

100) Early induction of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associates with rapid viral clearance and mild disease in COVID-19 patients, Tan, 2021

101) SARS-CoV-2–specific CD8+ T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 individualsKared, 2021

102) S Protein-Reactive IgG and Memory B Cell Production after Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection Includes Broad Reactivity to the S2 SubunitNguyen-Contant2021

103) Persistence of Antibody and Cellular Immune Responses in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Over Nine Months After Infection, Yao, 2021

104) Naturally Acquired SARS-CoV-2 Immunity Persists for Up to 11 Months Following InfectionDe Giorgi, 2021

105) Decreasing Seroprevalence of Measles Antibodies after Vaccination – Possible Gap in Measles Protection in Adults in the Czech Republic, Smetana, 2017

106) Broadly cross-reactive antibodies dominate the human B cell response against 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus infectionWrammert2011

107) Reinfection With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in Patients Undergoing Serial Laboratory Testing, Qureshi, 2021

108) Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 naïve and recovered individuals following mRNA vaccination, Goel, 2021

109) Covid-19: Do many people have pre-existing immunity? Doshi, 2020

110) Pre-existing and de novo humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in humans, Ng, 2020

111) Phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, Weiskopf, 2020

112) Pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2: the knowns and unknowns, Sette, 2020

113) Pre-existing immunity against swine-origin H1N1 influenza viruses in the general human population, Greenbaum, 2009

114) Cellular immune correlates of protection against symptomatic pandemic influenza, Sridhar, 2013

115) Preexisting influenza-specific CD4+ T cells correlate with disease protection against influenza challenge in humans, Wilkinson, 2012

116) Serum cross-reactive antibody response to a novel influenza A (H1N1) virus after vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine, CDC, MMWR, 2009

117) No one is naive: the significance of heterologous T-cell immunity, Welsh, 2002

118) Intrafamilial Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Induces Cellular Immune Response without Seroconversion, Gallais, 2020

119) Protective immunity after recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection, Kojima, 2021

120) This ‘super antibody’ for COVID fights off multiple coronaviruses, Kwon, 2021

121) SARS-CoV-2 infection induces sustained humoral immune responses in convalescent patients following symptomatic COVID-19, Wu, 2020

122) Evidence for sustained mucosal and systemic antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens in COVID-19 patients, Isho, 2020

123) The T-cell response to SARS-CoV-2: kinetic and quantitative aspects and the case for their protective role, Bertoletti, 2021

124) The longitudinal kinetics of antibodies in COVID-19 recovered patients over 14 months, Eyran, 2020

125) Continued Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccination among Urban Healthcare Workers during Delta Variant Predominance, Lan, 2021

126) Immunity to COVID-19 in India through vaccination and natural infection, Sarraf, 2021

127) Asymptomatic or mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection elicits durable neutralizing antibody responses in children and adolescents, Garrido, 2021

128) T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans: A systematic review, Shrotri, 2021

129) Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfections as Compared with Primary InfectionsAbu-Raddad, 2021

130) Assessment of the Risk of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Reinfection in an Intense Re-exposure Setting, Abu-Raddad, 2021

 

 

 

 

 

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